The obesity virus: Mostly hype

Recent research published regarding adenovirus-induced weight gain has the media talking about an "obesity virus". This hype overlooks the important issues surrounding obesity and ignores the actual findings of the study. Read more in my article on Suite101.

The first stem cell trial

The FDA has approved Geron's stem cell trial, the first human therapeutic trial utilizing embryonic stem cells. This first trial is to determine the viability of treating spinal cord injuries. The treatment is currently termed GRNOPC1.

 

Update: the trial was halted in 2011 after enrolling only 4 patients due to cost concerns.

Stem cells and blindness

Can stem cells cure blindness? Possibly, according to a study in Cell Stem Cell. A group at the University of Washington has found that embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors injected into mice with degenerative retinas results in regenerated retinal layers and increased light response.

The Mechanism of Interest

The loss or degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina, the light sensing receptors in the eye, leads to blindness. This is the mechanism seen with age-related macular degeneration, a common age-related disease. Several approaches to replacing the photoreceptors have been attempted, but a recent study in the journal Cell Stem Cell indicates that embryonic stem cells may hold the key.

Replacing Degenerative Photoreceptors

For over a decade, several types of cells have been investigated to determine their ability to regenerate the retina, leading to disappointing results. In 1998, Takashi et al. found that hippocampus-derived neural progenitor cells from adult rats could form a uniform layer in the adult rat eye, expressing markers of developing neurons. However, the cells did not eventually express retinal neuron markers, indicating incomplete retina formation.

In 2004, Klassen et al. looked at retinal progenitor cells isolated from day-old mice and found some improvement in light-mediated behavior of adults with retinal grafts, indicating that the neurons regenerated the retina to some extent. That same year, Coles et al. looked at retinal stem cells and found that they could differentiate into retinal cells. Two years later, MacLaren et al. showed that these stem cell-derived cells could be transplanted and populate a damaged eye. Also in 2006, Lamba et al. showed that embryonic stem cells could be directed to become retinal cells, including photoreceptors expressing specific markers, something the other cell types had not achieved.

The Cell Study

Lamba, Gust, and Reh at the University of Washington used mice with a mutation in their photoreceptors that mimics the vision disorder Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis. The mutant mice were injected with the embryonic stem cell-derived retinal cells developed by Lamba et al., as were normal mice, both adult and newborn. The results were different for each group of mice, depending on their needs.

The cells regenerated the retina and photoreceptors of the mutant mice and restored the light response in these mice. In normal mice, the cells simply settled and integrated into various layers of the retina, choosing to be photoreceptors more often in the adults, but without damaging the eye. The researchers are hopeful that they have found a possible treatment for photoreceptor loss. Potentially, photoreceptors can be developed from human embryonic stem cells for cell replacement therapy.

The Future of Blindness

This recent study is but one possibility for replacing damaged cells in one tissue. There are other causes of blindness that will not be affected by this treatment. Replacing the retinal cells will not help with optic nerve disorders or damage to the occipital lobe of the brain. However, clinical trials into the use of stem cell-derived photoreceptors as cell replacement therapy in macular degeneration may help millions of people in the United States alone.

References:

Coles et al. Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells. PNAS USA, 101, 2004.

Klassen et al. Multipotent retinal progenitors express developmental markers, differentiate into retinal neurons, and preserve light-mediated behavior. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 45, 2004.

Lamba et al. Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. PNAS USA, 103, 2006.

Lamba, Gust, and Reh. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors restores some visual function in Crx-deficient mice. Cell Stem Cell, 4, 2009.

MacLaren et al. Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors. Nature, 444, 2006.

Takashi et al. Widespread integration and survival of adult-derived neural progenitor cells in the developing optic retina. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, 12, 1998.

 

Government Panels Skewed Towards Industry

The nonprofit health advocacy group Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) released an investigative report this week showing that a number of government science panels are skewed towards industry.

Advisory committees that develop policy recommendations are supposed to be made up of a range of individuals to spread out conflicts of interest. Advisory committees that advise on scientific issues are supposed to be scientists from the field that have no financial interests in the information or industry, enforcing objective advice. Both types now have issues that could harm the public interest.

The National Coal Council has a number of members who benefit financially from the committee's recommendations, Wind Turbines Guidelines Advisory Committee is stacked with corporate stakeholders instead of scientists, the National Organic Standards Board included a stakeholder from General Mills, the Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee had several members tied to the industry that were misclassified as scientists and allowed to support programs outside their legal bounds, and the Fruit and Vegetable Industry Advisory Committee is almost exclusively comprised of industry members.

The lead CSPI investigator confirmed that it has only worsened over the course of the Bush administration. This is just one more indictment of the pro-industry stance taken by the outgoing administration. Scientists working at their own agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, have reported political interference in data and reports (889 of the 1,586 EPA staff scientists).

The problems with classification and conflicts of interest have been addressed many times. The Government Accountability Office criticized some committees and departments in 2004 and 2008, but additional legislation failed in 2008. The current legality covering advisory panels is the Federal Advisory Committee Act. Critics hope it will be addressed in the coming year.